The Nineteen Types of Judgment. Peter Kreeft. There are at least 1. I’m sorry I could not find a 2. But 1. 9 does match the digits of Frodo Baggins, one of my heroes. For one thing, making judgments is a privilege of persons only. For another thing it is necessary, both to live well on earth and to enter Heaven. I will say one thing about each of these 1. It may not be the most important or most fundamental thing that can be said about them, but it will be a point I believe is important enough to take two minutes, of a captive audience’s precious time to think about. The first kind of judgment is judgment as such, judgment in the abstract. By this I mean the logical form of judgments: the affirmation or denial that a predicate belongs to a subject, that some state of affairs is true or is not true. This is “the second act of the mind” in traditional Scholastic logic, and the only one that contains truth. The first act of the mind, simple apprehension or conception, does not contain truth because it merely conceives of concepts, which are neither true nor false, but are the raw material or contents of true or false judgments. Thus neither the concept “apples” nor the concept “fruits” is true or false, but the judgment “Apples are fruits” is true. The third act of the mind, reasoning, moves from the presupposed truth of one or more judgments, as premises, to the truth of another judgment, as the conclusion to be proved. Concepts tell us what, judgments tell us whether, and reasoning tells us why. We understand essences in concepts, existence in judgments, and causes in reasoning. Because concepts attain only essences while existence is attained only in judgments, this essential logical structure of thought implies the distinction between essence and existence, one of the most important principles of metaphysics and the basis for Aquinas’ best proof for the existence of God: the proof from contingent beings to a necessary being—that is, from the premise of the existence of beings whose essence is not existence to the conclusion of the existence of a being whose essence is existence, as the only adequate answer to the question of why these other existing things exist. If their existence does not come from within their own essence, it must come from outside, from a cause. Only a Being whose essence is existence can explain the existence of beings whose essence is not existence, as their cause. Only a Being that explains itself can explain the beings that do not explain themselves. The distinction between essence and existence, and between concepts and judgments, also explains why St. Anselm’s famous “ontological argument” is invalid: it confuses essence and existence, treating existence as an essence, a “what”, or a property. My point here is how centrally important it is that only judgments attain ontological existence and logical truth. When we investigate concrete particular judgments rather than the universal, abstract, logical form of judgments, we find that they are made either by humans, or angels, or God, who are the only three kinds of personal beings we know, except for lawyers and Deconstructionists. Section I: Human Judgments. Let’s look at human judgments first, for obvious reasons. Within human judgments, the most fundamental distinction is between theoretical and practical judgments, i. All judgments are made by the intellect but theoretical judgments regulate thought while practical judgments regulate practice, or life, or action. Theoretical Judgments. Juno is a 2007 American comedy-drama independent film directed by Jason Reitman and written by Diablo Cody. Ellen Page stars as the title character, an independent. Our second kind of judgment is the theoretical judgment. It is very significant, and the primary cause of the decline in the popularity of classical education, that the words “theoretical,” “speculative,” and “contemplative,” have all lost their honorable connotations in our culture. Instead of referring to truth, the words “theoretical” and “speculative” both now connote “uncertainty.” And “contemplative” is limited to monks and mystics. This is a symptom of deep cultural decay, and stems largely from Francis Bacon, who announced a radically new Summum bonum (greatest good) for our culture: the conquest of nature by applied science. In other words not truth but power; not conforming the human mind to reality but conforming reality to the human will. An icon of this cultural decadence can be seen near my home town, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is supremely ironic that Veritas (Truth), the official motto of the flagship educational institution of America, Harvard University, is a word that is never uttered inside most of the humanities courses on that campus without ironic quotation marks around it. In a Baconian civilization, our art forms, especially movies, get by telling limitless lies about life while infallibly improving their special effects. In other words, technology trumps truth. Practical Judgments About Goodness. But enough about the twelfth kind of judgment, theoretical judgments of truth. My next eleven kinds of judgment will all be practical judgments about goodness. This group of eleven begins with the third kind of judgment—a judgment about practical judgments—namely, the judgment on the part of most modern philosophers that there is an absolute gap between theoretical judgments of fact and practical judgments of value. This dogma of the absolute fact- value distinction is the justification for moral relativism, the idea that values are relative to our subjective feelings and choices rather than to objective truth. Moral relativism is the disease that C. S. Lewis, a sophisticated and polite Oxonian, said “will certainly damn our souls and end our species.”It will damn our souls because salvation requires repentance, which in turn requires admission of sin, which in turn requires a real, objective moral law to sin against, which requires objective values. It will end our species because it amounts to a consciencectomy, as in Brave New World. Those people are not humans, they are yuppies. Their bodies look human but their souls look like puppies. If and only if values and facts are not absolutely distinct, if values are a special kind of facts, can moral values can be objectively real and can there be a natural moral law. Getz Sep 20 2014 2:45 am Fans of well-written stories and interesting spy/espionage films (similar in nature to the Bourne Trilogy) coupled with competent. If the fundamental principle of morality is that “Good is to be done and evil is to be avoided,” then ought depends on is, ethics depends on metaphysics and reason. If, instead, morality is simply the command of the will that makes the rules of the game, then moral law is a dictate of will, not of reason—which is the philosophy of Nominalists, Asharites, fundamentalists, Euthyuphro, Ockham, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Rousseau, Marx, Hitler, and Satan. God says “Come let us reason together.” Satan does not. God appeals to reason, Caesar appeals to force. That is, unless our Caesars are classically educated, in the tradition of Plato and Aristotle. On the very first page of Plato’s Republic there is a little scene that sets the fateful choice for Western civilization. Socrates, with a few companions, meets a larger group of friends and there is a contest of wills. Flat Teen, Teen Nude, Skinny Teen, Erotic Teen Massage, Flat, Teen Titties, Flat Small Tits, Nude Small Girls, Small Breasts, Small Skinny Teen. Bright, a.k.a Orc Cop,Takes a Hard-Hitting Look at Elven Gangs and Orc Racism. Home of the Kim Kardashian Sex Tape, Porn Parodies, and over 30,000 XXX Movies from The World Leader In Adult Entertainment. Wikiquote contiene citazioni da K-19; Collegamenti esterni. EN) K-19, in Internet Movie Database, IMDb.com. XNXX.COM 'full movie' Search, free sex videos. Movie: 19-Nineteen Director: Jang Yong-Woo; Writer: Yumiko Inoue, Jang Yong-Woo; Producer: Choi Ho-Sung, Shin Hyun-Taek Cinematographer: Choi Yoon-Man. The larger group wants Socrates to change his plans and come with them, and their spokesman says to Socrates, “You see how many we are, so either dig in your heels and stay here or else fight us.” And Socrates replies, “Surely there is a third alternative: that we persuade you that you ought to let us go.” Rational moral persuasion—the key to the good society for Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and medieval Christendom. Are we Platonists or Machiavellians? If we believe in a real natural moral law, a fourth kind of judgment becomes possible: the judgment about these real moral goods. The word “good” has three basic meanings, says Aristotle, the master of common sense: the moral good, the pleasant good, and the useful good. Judgments about pleasure and utility can still be made without a natural moral law, but real moral judgments cannot. Aquinas sees these judgments as most fundamentally about ends. Like Aristotle, he is teleological. Kant sees them as most fundamentally about duties. But both believe reason can make moral judgments because reason knows the moral absolute, whether it is the ultimate rational end of Eudaimonia (blessedness, true happiness) or the ultimate rational duty of the Categorical Imperative. It is not feeling or desire or passion that makes moral judgments, but reason—reason in the old, honorable, broad, ancient sense rather than in the narrowed, modern, computerlike sense. Philosophers who thought that moral judgments are made by the latter type of reason, philosophers like Hobbes, Rousseau, Hume, Mill, Marx, and Russell, do not have an incomplete moral philosophy, they have none at all, just as a primitive who makes up fantastic stories about the constellations does not have a primitive astronomical science but no science at all. A fifth kind of judgment concerns how we can rightly make these moral judgments. How can we judge how to judge morally? And the answer comes from our two paragons of common sense, Aristotle and Christ. Aristotle says we must be good in order to make good moral judgments; that we must cultivate moral habits, and thus moral character, by repeated right choices of the will, if we are to be morally wise and perceive moral good and evil rightly with the intellect. The will should obey the intellect but the intellect also needs to be educated by the moral will. The good will tames the intellect as a woman tames a man. It’s like the classic line from the movie My Big Fat Greek Wedding: “The man is the head of the woman, but the woman is the neck that turns the head.” Christ appeals to this same psychological principle when speaking of the religious good, when he answers the Pharisees’ question “How can we understand your teaching, and whether it is from God?” by saying that “If your will were to do the will of God, you would understand my teaching, and that it is from Him.” That is the basic principle of Biblical hermeneutics in one sentence. The 1. 9 Best Movies That You Didn't See in 2. Indie Gems to Watchby Alex Billington. March 1. 2, 2. 01. The best of the best - that you didn't see. It's back again and we're a bit late, but all of these are still worth watching anyway. Back by popular demand is our sixth annual list of the 1. Best Movies That You Didn't See in 2. Featured below is a hand- picked selection of the best independent and/or mainstream films that were either quietly dumped, ignored by audiences, or just not marketed well enough. So to give them some extra time in the spotlight, and to support some of the best filmmakers out there, we've put together a 2. Read on for the list! Each year I put together this list of 1. I feel as if I'm being challenged by cinephiles to find more and more movies they haven't seen, because more and more great films are being seen/recognized each and every year. I remember the comments that say ! But there's always more. This year there's a few extra documentaries, reflecting how my own tastes have evolved and how I've discovered some of the best work in all different types of cinema. I continue to search for the kind of films that move me, entertain and excite me, make me feel emotions, and share them with you. If you spend the two hours or so that it will take to watch even one of these movies mentioned below, it would mean that much more to the filmmakers who put so much time and effort into making each of these movies. This isn't about getting kudos for mentioning certain films, this article is about pointing out movies that don't deserve to be forgotten and are begging to be watched. So pick one and watch it tonight. Broken Cameras. Opened on May 3. Directed by Emad Burnat & Guy Davidi. A documentary on a Palestinian farmer's chronicle of his nonviolent resistance to the actions of the Israeli army. Why it's on here: . Why do these filmmakers keep on filming? Why do they make these movies? Broken Cameras is a phenomenal doc about a simple Palestinian farmer who chronicles the lives of the five video cameras that he's used to record his family and what's happening to the land and people around him. The way he presents everything in such a raw, but extraordinarily affecting way, is what makes this a very powerful documentary. It's one of those films that demands—needs—to be seen, because as Emad says, this story must . Sadly, the film didn't get a whole lot of publicity due to a limited release and lack of serious marketing support. In the film, inspired by a true story, Black plays the kind and jovial Texas mortician Bernie who befriends the small town's wealthiest and cold widow (Shirley Mac. Laine). Their friendship blossoms, but turns into more of a hellish faux marriage made all the more complicated when Bernie accidentally kills her. It's a lighter dark comedy made all the more genuine by the use of real townspeople as talking heads, making the story feel like a dramatized documentary. It also contains another great turn from Matthew Mc. Conaughey and is available on Netflix Instant right now. That's pretty much all you need to know as this debut film from . Produced by Will Ferrell and Adam Mc. Kay's Gary Sanchez Productions, the film is basically a straight- up parody in the vein of Black Dynamite that takes aim at Mexican westerns. Complete with some trademark Airplane- style, meta humor, and hilariously deadpan serious performances from actors Diego Luna, Gael Garcia Bernal and Genesis Rodriguez, this gem likely got swept under the radar because general audiences don't like subtitles, and this move is presented completely in Spanish, with the exception of the appearance of Nick Offerman which is jut awesome. Ferrell also delivers one of his trademark singing scenes, and you can watch it on Netflix Instant right now. I still believe in it. I still love it. I love everything about it. I still consider Cloud Atlas to be a . Tom Hanks is great in six roles, along with Halle Berry, Hugo Weaving, Jim Sturgess, Doona Bae, Keith David and Ben Whishaw. I think this is the Wachowskis big . Is this possible? Based on true events. Why it's on here: For the way it affects audiences. This is a film some hate, some despise, while others believe is brilliant, awards- worthy. The subversive nature of the story along with a couple of impressive performances and the way it makes you feel strong emotions of frustration and anger and everything inbetween are exactly why this is such a great film, one worth seeing. It's simple but effective filmmaking that tells an almost unbelievable story so believably, that you want to walk right through the screen and beat the crap out of the guy on the phone. Actors Dreama Walker, Ann Dowd and Pat Healy are exceptional, but it's also director Craig Zobel we need to keep an eye on after this. The Deep Blue Sea. Opened on March 2. Directed by Terence Davies. The wife of a British Judge is caught in a self- destructive love affair with a Royal Air Force pilot. Why it's on here: One hell of a heartbreaking performance by Rachel Weisz, and also because it's an impressive film that shows how much can be achieved with little dialogue. The best reasons to see this are summed up by my friend Dan Mecca of The Film Stage, who put this as his #1 film of 2. He eloquently explains: . Davies has been making elegant, brutal films his whole life, and this might be the best of them all. Rachel Weisz so perfectly captures the feel of unrequited love it hurts to watch. You're afraid she might break at any moment. The great Tom Hiddleston, the object of her affection, plays the other side perfectly; he watches what he's doing to this woman, but doesn't know how to stop the pain. Denis Lavant as . My take is that we're always performing in our lives, and this is just an exaggerated cinematic take on the idea of performance, as envisioned through the mind of Leos Carax. If you're into filmmaking, acting or the creative arts, this is a must see, one of my favorite films and Denis Lavant is beyond awesome. How to Survive a Plague. Opened on September 2. Directed by David France. The story of two coalitions - - ACT UP and TAG (Treatment Action Group) - - whose activism and innovation turned AIDS from a death sentence into a manageable condition. Why it's on here: One of many incredibly moving, extremely fascinating, exceptionally inspiring documentaries that made the list this year. I first heard about this from a filmmaker friend and decided to watch it, discovering an astonishing story of hope against all odds. It may not seem like the kind of subject matter that makes for good . It is an inspiring documentary, not only telling an amazing story about overcoming odds and fighting against death and disease, but by showing that hope and happiness can and will always prevail. If you want to see a documentary that will make you want to get up, get out and help change the world, start with this one. The Imposter. Opened on July 1. Directed by Bart Layton. A documentary centered on a young Frenchman who claims to a grieving Texas family that he is their 1. Why it's on here: Although there are a few unbelievable stories this year (e. Compliance), this documentary takes the cake for being the epitome of truth being stranger than fiction. Featuring the mastermind behind it himself, this doc explores the story of how French conman Fr. I first saw this at Sundance and was blown away, it's a must- see- to- believe kind of story, and even when you see it you still won't believe half of it. We gave this film as much love and support as we could, it just never got enough traction, but it's a worthy watch if you want to be wowed. The Intouchables. Opened on May 2. 5, 2. Directed by Olivier Nakache & Eric Toledano. After he becomes a quadriplegic from a paragliding accident, an aristocrat hires a young man from the projects to be his caretaker. Why it's on here: When a film moves me to tears and has my smiling at the end, that usually means it's something special. It admittedly took me forever to finally see this film, even though I had been told to see it for a while. My goodness is it wonderful! So moving, so inspiring, captivating from start to finish, funny even when sad, it's a grand slam as a French drama. Even the score by Ludovico Einaudi is exceptional, though it wasn't all written specifically for the film. This will be Omar Sy's legacy, playing the lovable, rambunctious caretaker of a quadriplegic, French actor Fran. I guarantee that as sad as it may make you, you'll be just as happy by the end. Indie Game: The Movie. Opened on May 1. 8, 2. Directed by Lisanne Pajot & James Swirsky. A documentary that follows the journeys of indie game developers as they create games and release those works, and themselves, to the world. Why it's on here: Though video game adaptations that have gone to the big screen haven't been embraced very well by players, this documentary should tickle their funny bone pretty efficiently. After premiering appropriately as an indie at the 2. Sundance Film Festival, the film received a quiet release, but deserves much more attention. Newcomer directing duo Lisanne Pajot & James Swirsky take the camera and point it at independent game designers Edmund Mc. Millen, Tommy Refenes, Phil Fish and Jonathan Blow, each at various stages of success in their career and development in their projects. For gamers, this will be an eye- opening look behind the scenes of great indie games, and for everyone else, you'll never look at video games the same way. It's full of passion for video games and paints an honest and sometimes heartbreaking picture of this artistic community. Read my full review here and check out the film on Netflix Instant. Featuring some of the finest character actors Hollywood has to offer, with both Richard Jenkins and Allison Janney, the drama certainly came across as a crowdpleaser during its Sundance premiere, but managed to only slightly outpace Radnor's debut.
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